Hello everyone. 

About a month ago i have experience to buy a SSD which is 128GB of SAMSUNG. (Refurbished) Because the price range of new one is almost double +. and also unavailable due to COVID-19 effects. 
however i bought a one which is a combined version of Samsung and Lenovo. 
So i was so exited and wish to try its performance on different benchmark tools i got from online search.
The following are: 

Samsung Magician 
Crystal Disk Mark
Crystal Disk Info 
Hard Disk Sentinel
ATTO Disk bench
AS SSD

All works good and what the thing is almost every tool gives me some different results. 
So i wish to ask from all of you that which one is best and accurate to measure exact or closed approx. value of my disk health?

Hello everyone,
I need to know how safe is our telegram bots are? I need to set a welcome text in a particular group, which will send terms and rules of group to the new joined user.
This group is of teachers who are going to be in government schools. That means they will be much concerned about their privacy. I think teachers take care of each points, so criticism will come. They fear hacking. Let me know the safest way to do this.

To answer the question asked in this post of mine, ie the 'where Docker containers fit in the big Container-based Virtualization picture, an overview of the whole field is warranted and -as usual with me- this is done in its historical context. So, this thread is about setting the broad historical context of Containers technologies, highlighting the milestones events occurring in the path towards the kick-starting of the LXC project in 2008, which led to the Docker project, open-sourced in 2013, which was foundational in setting the industry standard for 'containerized application' and all the tooling that goes with it.
-------------------------------------

Container-based virtualization (ie OS virtualization), as contrasted to the hypervisor-based or VM-based virtualization (ie machine/hardware virtualization), has been a hot subject in the IT world for more than a decade now.

The following table (*) gives a direct comparison between VMs and containers:
(*)- The code tag is used here to maintain the table formatting.

1- Containerization technologies
Containers are an old concept. Below is a summary list for the milestones and evolution of the concept which culminated in the split between system containers and the more popular application containers championed by Docker Inc. since 2013 and their standardization in the OCI specification in 2015:

• For decades, UNIX systems have had the chroot command that provides a simple form of filesystem isolation.
  
• The FreeBSD jail: since 1998, FreeBSD has had the jail utility, which extended chroot sandboxing to processes.
  
• Solaris Zones offered a complete containerization technology around 2001 but was limited to the Solaris OS for the x86 and SPARC systems.
  
• In 2001, Parrallels Inc released the commercial Virtuozzo container technology for Linux and later open sourced the core technology as OpenVZ in 2005.
  
• In 2006, Google Inc. started the development of CGroups for the Linux kernel and began switching its infrastructure to containers.
  
• In 2007, Linux kernel 2.6.24 released with support for cgroups v1 (Control groups.)
  
• In 2008, The Linux Containers (LXC) project started and brought together CGroups, kernel namespaces, and chroot technology (among others) to provide a complete containerization solution in Linux systems.
  > LXC is a project centered around a C-based library, liblxc which allows for the creation of containers of any type from userspace. It also provides a set of tools (lxc-*) that allows interacting with that C library and offers a raw low level user interface. This is why it it remained only useful for system engineers with the required know-how.
  
• In late 2014, Canonical launched LXD project which is a REST API written in Go around LXC and creates a system daemon that apps can access locally using a Unix socket, or over the network via HTTPS. The goal being the democratization of system containers by lowering the entry-level for non-specialists.
  
• In 2016, Canonical released LXD, which is its own container manager that focuses on system containers and which uses liblxc through go-lxc.
  

Among the Containerization technologies listed above, LXC (for LinuX Containers) is the one that interests us in this thread as it's the original implementation from which all kinds of other Linux containers implementations derive, including Docker containers. It indeed represents an operating-system-level virtualization environment (VE) for running multiple isolated Linux systems (containers) on a single Linux machine. These Linux containers are basically made of three Linux kernel primitives:

• Linux namespaces which defines what a process can see
  
• CGroups which set the resources a process can use
  
• A rootfs
  

More on this later when we'll be discussing the role of the so-called 'low-level container runtimes', like lxc, runc, crun etc..

Another interesting observation that can be made from the Containerization technologies listed above (ie Solaris Zones, Virtuozzo’s OpenVZ, FreeBSD jails and LXD/LXC containers) is that they are all designed primarily as a way to containerize a complete OS rather than just a single app, which means that they are all system containers.

Next post will be about the transition to the 'application containers' with the release of Docker as an open-source project in 2013.

2- From System Containers to Application Containers

I'm just wondering what members prefer if they read books.  Do they prefer paper books, or electronic readers like Kindle?

Off late with load shedding and hours of electricity downtime, I've discovered the love of reading again.  What I do is support our local swop shops where one can buy second hand books, and then return them for an X value to purchase more.  First it went slowly, but I now find myself quite passionate about my book reading again.

My preference has always been a nice paper book as there is something special with turning pages, and feeling real paper pages.  But then I had a problem.  A recent author I discovered, and particularly liked very much, was not that well known.  I couldn't find most of his titles in the swop shops, or even regular book stores.  I then checked out Amazon not sure whether I'd want to go through the upheaval of customs in South Africa (it's a serious big and very expensive deal to "import" anything here), and just for the heck of it googled free e-books.  I then discovered a wealth of online libraries.  I discovered one I liked and was then able to download all of the books I wanted for free.

This was a brand new way of reading books for me so there was a little bit of a learning curve involved of course.  First challenge was the extension epub didn't work with with the Kindle App on my Samsung Galaxy Tab2.  I then researched alternative readers and discovered FullREader which I downloaded from Google Play Store on my Tablet.  I'm using Samsung Galaxy Tab2 very old tablet, but still with a decent 3 GB RAM and 32GB storage. I found the books taking up the minimum space so no problem with storage. Second big challenge was that reading books drains the Samsung Tablet battery in no time.  I then had to learn how to turn everything on the Tablet off in Android, and now have the tablet on Airport Mode, Wifi and all connection turned off as well.  Additionally, I purchased a cheap PowerBank that works quite well when needed. I however soon acquired a rhythm with reading approx 50 pages before a recharge is needed.

In the end I took to electronic reading like a duck to water and although I still prefer my hard copy books, I'm enjoying electronic very much.  There are many pros for electronic reading vs paper books.  I like that the text is backlit and one can change the fonts if one wanted to do so.  Electronic reading is probably much cleaner than my second hand books - particularly considering Covid 19 times.  If ever I get to travel again, I'd be able to read a book anywhere, day or night.  

So over the last few weeks I've been checking out alternatives to the Kindle app. Reason being that I discovered a wealth of online libraries, where one can download books for free. I found a reputable library but in the format "EPUB". Kindle doesn't use "EPUB", only "MOBI". I was actually happy to look for a Kindle alternative, as for me Kindle is Amazon trying to make billions instead of millions in profit at the expense of honest competitors. I was determined to use the particular online library and was prepared to ditch the Kindle App for something else if need be.

Any way, I then did research and discovered the FullReader e-book reader which I tried, and am really happy with. It was available from the Google Playstore. What attracted me to it was the large number of book extensions it caters for, also it had some really good reviews for a free Kindle alternative. The app turned out to be very simple, effortless to use, totally uncomplicated to install, intuitive, so I haven't had to search for anything, or looks for a tutorial yet. Here is more info about the app:
https://en.itense.group/fullreader.html

So now I'm wondering what other members are using for Kindle alternatives?

Hello, here is the first version and proof of concept that the exam system works and can be very useful.
So here are few core features that I am adding to the free Open Source Version of the application. 

I am also creating a quiz app with an advanced feature set, which will help me survive.

1. Unlimited Category and Sub-Category For Questions.
   
2. Per Question point/marks/numbers.
   
3. Overwrite Question default marks when exam default marks are given.
   
4. Exam Time Limit.
   
5. Show result immediately after examination ends.
   
6. User auto registration (With email activation) and social media login.
   
7. Bulk Question Upload / Download.
   
8. Result (Details/Rank) Shows after result ends or.
   
9. Leader Board only for Registered Users.
   
10. Only One administrative role.
    
11. User Manager.
    
12. Web View Android App.
    
13. Exam Schedule.
    
14. Simple Exam Analytics.
    
15. Installation service and full video and written tutorial on how to set up your app.
    
16. Google Analytics
    

Please share have you used any examination system?
Do you think this feature set is enough for a standard examination web app?
If not what you wanted to see improved?
What should I add to its paid version?

NOTE: This is a MVP Version more features will be added in future.

I recently interacted with this thread and, while doing so, I remembered one of my classic topics that I used to open every time I land in a public forum and start to get used to its members' usernames (at least the more active ones !..). The thread, like this one, asks folks for their native and acquired languages.. The goal being to get to know each others cultural background and how far each one of us went in extending that native horizon of his.. So please, you simply need to format your response like mine :
Native language: Berber/Arabic (a strange mix: read blow for more)
Acquired languages: fluent(+++) Arabic, fluent(+++) French, fluent(+) English.

I used to just write Arabic as my native language to cut back on explaining the complication of my own case. But as this forum should be my last public forum where I will be participating, I'll dig deeper to do justice to my own (now lost) native language for once and, by the same token, show how natural languages are lost to the more dominant ones (in my case: Arabic dominating Berber language.)

The fact that I grew up in a largely tri-lingual household (Arabic dominant, French constantly lurking in the background and Berber which is the mother tongue) and where parents conscientiously avoid talking to their children in their mother tongue in favor to the more sophisticated Arabic language which is also the language of Prayer (which defiantly tilt the balance in its favor) had/has the obvious result of the siblings being incapacitated vis-a-vis of their mother tongue for ever. I confess that I can understand it to a certain point when I'm spoken to with it but that I have a hard time lining up a complete sentence without being laughed at. This being said, I should also confess that it was also my fault to have lost it completely -unlike my brothers and sisters- given the fact that I was more interested in the Sciences and the key languages that can help me get them... The rest is history...

The major up-side to this whole story is that being multilingual helps a lot when it comes to breadth of cultural outreach one has access to.. away from the cultural confinement the native language -whatever it is- imposes on us all.

P.S. : Language is a (100%) acquired human feature.. and the distinction we make here is between the native one, the one that is spoken by people around us and that we get spontaneously, without any formal education, at a very early stage of our lives and the acquired ones the one(s) that we get a bit later, 6 y.o. and above, generally with the help of a formal education...

Uhm would you guys update this 'About Post4VPS' text? It just does not flow well. Why is it stylized as forum/destiny?? What destiny? And "VPSs" should be "VPS'es" and no space after comma? That just looks uh. Just update the styling of the text cause it looks unprofessional. Not nitpicking but really struck me as odd as whoever wrote that missed the sentencing structure. I am not claiming to be some superior grammar god or 'grammer-nazi' but It just made me go uhh, since its a professional service and the forums have a structure.

Background
   As recently I migrated my website from DDos-Guard(A russian antiddos service that provide a one-site free version of ddos protection and basic site acceleration) arvancloud (Seems like an Iran company that are providing multiple cloud services) for the frustrating connection time in China,here I'd like to talk about that and seek for your opinions.

Note as always,I am just a newbie in hosting so there might be concept errors.

Notes on the service
- Requires phone validation however not all country's phone works(at least it didn't work for me, interestingly they have a Chinese version of the site)
- AAAA records are direct dns resolution (no ipv6 support)
- CDN may not have websocket support(may not be fine for V2ray proxies etc.)

What they provide
Incoming Traffic: 50 GB
Outgoing Traffic: 50 GB
Requests: 1,000,000
Cache Purge Requests: 200
Cache Fill : 20GB
"Basic" DDos protection (no one knows exactly until an attacker is attacking you)
5 Firewall rules

General illustration
It seems like most functions are almost the same with Cloudflare Free however arvancloud includes load balancing but lacks varied DDos protection levels(They only have basic available,which says

Quote:All ArvanCloud servers protect against DDoS attacks automatically by using a combination of proven methods, which block manipulated packets and also block too many packets coming from the same source.

Well.At least for my website activates a plugin that blocks an ip using .htaccess if they request more than 30 pages within a minute,but till now I didn't see someone hitting the limit.(CDN rate limiting requires plan upgrade)

The speed,as for my sole experience,is better than Cloudflare (I know there are ways to speed up like custom dns resolution but I don't know how to do) and supersonic cdn(namecheap free cdn) in China.

They also provide a video cdn free plan,which includes 10GB storage/50GB BW.But I'd choose cloudinary or something like that as they offer transformations in free plan.

Some strings are not translated into English as they are an Iran company,and email announcements and many support articles are not in English too.
Some screenshots:
https://ik.imagekit.io/n6svsvq6r/file_BWwNGxRkU7Ds.jpg
https://ik.imagekit.io/n6svsvq6r/file_av-u2vLKyR.jpg
(WAF,Rate limiting and DDos protection are non-editable)
(These screenshots are on imagekit and might be deleted at any time)
Site: arvancloud.com

Hi all,

I've been looking for a few days now to select which reputed host (like AWS, GCP, and Azure) that have free tier for their VPS. This VPS will be used for my new startup and I wanted to start with free before committing to pay them. I've checked similar thread where @Mashiro gave a Quora answer where to host a Node.JS app. The answer also stated some reputed host like AWS, GCP, Azure, and DO.

I already checked GCP and it says it doesn't have a external public IP address so it definitely out from the list. For DO, I think I'll use my student voucher from GitHub Edu (then add $20 more) which allow me to have $10/month VPS for a straight year. For the other two, I don't have any opinion yet since I haven't used it yet. If I need to choose between AWS and Azure, I think I'm going to be more AWS-ish since they product (I believe) is more complete than Azure.

So for the other three, have you guys used them before? How is it likes and which one do you think the most OK to use?

Cheers