[Sn1F3rt]

Thanks @fChk. 

So, here is my comments for your storage-related results. I'll still be asking for few more inputs at the end of this post.

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[sohamb03@google ~]$ ./bench.sh -io
Disk Speed
----------
I/O (1st run)   : 547 MB/s
I/O (2nd run)   : 708 MB/s
I/O (3rd run)   : 731 MB/s
Average I/O     : 662 MB/s

This is OKay-ish compared to the previous 802.333 MB/s. @deanhills' Dallas VPS-9 scored 535 MB/s for his DD's buffered write speed. Thus, you effectively take the cake :-)

Actually I did another test inside of my sudo-ers home directory .. and the results are fluctuating by a bit again.

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[sohamb03@google ~]$ ./bench.sh -io
Buffered Sequential Write Speed
-------------------------------
I/O (1st run)   : 722 MB/s
I/O (2nd run)   : 726 MB/s
I/O (3rd run)   : 700 MB/s
Average I/O     : 716 MB/s

---

By the way, why not replace the "Disk Speed" label in your script for what it is really; ie dd's buffered write speed (with 64K block-size *1024.) OR, if you don't want to mention dd, just "Buffered sequential write speed". Disk speed leave the casual user of your script clueless, especially if he can't "read" Bash script syntax.

Yeah, I've implemented that for now, but I'll be integrating disk-speed-beta.sh into the main benchmarking script soon .. so that'll clearly differentiate between what's what.

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I think, you can remove this as of now, given that you do know WHY now!.. Leaving it there adds to the confusion of the casual reader. Besides, the only reason why you didn't know about it is that you were lacking knowledge as to how Linux kernel manages block devices and how loop devices via loop-mounted filesystem relate to them.

Removed it .. and yeah now I know what they are, thanks to the detailed explanation by you and HR. :-)

---

And now .. the other results that you wanted:

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[root@google ~]# ioping -c 15 /home/sohamb03
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=1 time=3.27 ms (warmup)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=2 time=495.8 us
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=3 time=1.12 ms
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=4 time=527.2 us
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=5 time=589.5 us
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=6 time=586.2 us
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=7 time=491.6 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=8 time=2.04 ms (slow)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=9 time=2.04 ms (slow)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=10 time=2.88 ms (slow)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=11 time=1.36 ms
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=12 time=396.1 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=13 time=2.85 ms (slow)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=14 time=4.32 ms (slow)
4 KiB <<< /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2): request=15 time=1.26 ms

--- /home/sohamb03 (xfs /dev/dm-2) ioping statistics ---
14 requests completed in 21.0 ms, 56 KiB read, 667 iops, 2.61 MiB/s
generated 15 requests in 14.0 s, 60 KiB, 1 iops, 4.29 KiB/s
min/avg/max/mdev = 396.1 us / 1.50 ms / 4.32 ms / 1.14 ms

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[root@google ~]# ioping -c 15 /dev/vda
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=1 time=2.74 ms (warmup)
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=2 time=2.71 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=3 time=941.8 us
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=4 time=7.72 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=5 time=3.19 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=6 time=3.30 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=7 time=954.2 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=8 time=2.44 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=9 time=2.88 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=10 time=447.9 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=11 time=468.4 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=12 time=773.7 us (fast)
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=13 time=2.90 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=14 time=4.31 ms
4 KiB <<< /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB): request=15 time=562.2 us (fast)

--- /dev/vda (block device 78 GiB) ioping statistics ---
14 requests completed in 33.6 ms, 56 KiB read, 416 iops, 1.63 MiB/s
generated 15 requests in 14.0 s, 60 KiB, 1 iops, 4.29 KiB/s
min/avg/max/mdev = 447.9 us / 2.40 ms / 7.72 ms / 1.92 ms

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[root@google ~]# cat /sys/block/loop0/loop/backing_file
/usr/.tempdisk

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[root@google ~]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Mar 19 12:38:24 2020
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=1638f137-52ce-4b4e-828b-553a54f64459 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/usr/.tempdisk /tmp ext4 loop,rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,nofail 0 0
/tmp /var/tmp none bind 0 0

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[root@google ~]# lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                2
On-line CPU(s) list:   0,1
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    1
Socket(s):             2
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 13
Model name:            QEMU Virtual CPU version (cpu64-rhel6)
Stepping:              3
CPU MHz:               2499.998
BogoMIPS:              4999.99
Hypervisor vendor:     KVM
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              4096K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,1
Flags:                 fpu de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 syscall nx lm nopl eagerfpu pni cx16 hypervisor lahf_lm

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# Had to install `pciutils` for this one

[root@google ~]# lspci -m
00:00.0 "Host bridge" "Intel Corporation" "440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma]" -r02 "Red Hat, Inc." "Qemu virtual machine"
00:01.0 "ISA bridge" "Intel Corporation" "82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]" "Red Hat, Inc." "Qemu virtual machine"
00:01.1 "IDE interface" "Intel Corporation" "82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]" -p80 "Red Hat, Inc." "Qemu virtual machine"
00:01.2 "USB controller" "Intel Corporation" "82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II]" -r01 "Red Hat, Inc." "QEMU Virtual Machine"
00:01.3 "Bridge" "Intel Corporation" "82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI" -r03 "Red Hat, Inc." "Qemu virtual machine"
00:02.0 "VGA compatible controller" "Cirrus Logic" "GD 5446" "Red Hat, Inc." "QEMU Virtual Machine"
00:03.0 "Ethernet controller" "Red Hat, Inc." "Virtio network device" "Red Hat, Inc." "Device 0001"
00:04.0 "SCSI storage controller" "Red Hat, Inc." "Virtio block device" "Red Hat, Inc." "Device 0002"
00:05.0 "RAM memory" "Red Hat, Inc." "Virtio memory balloon" "Red Hat, Inc." "Device 0005"

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[root@google ~]# cat /sys/block/vda/queue/scheduler
[mq-deadline] kyber none

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[root@google ~]# egrep 'MemTotal|MemFree|Buffers|^Cached|^Swap|Huge' /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:        8009116 kB
MemFree:         1175680 kB
Buffers:         1755968 kB
Cached:          1666652 kB
SwapCached:          200 kB
SwapTotal:       8179708 kB
SwapFree:        8164092 kB
AnonHugePages:    290816 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB

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# Yeah, tuned is running

[root@google ~]# systemctl status tuned
● tuned.service - Dynamic System Tuning Daemon
  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tuned.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
  Active: active (running) since Mon 2020-05-25 09:30:05 EDT; 2 weeks 4 days ago
    Docs: man:tuned(8)
          man:tuned.conf(5)
          man:tuned-adm(8)
Main PID: 292251 (tuned)
  CGroup: /system.slice/tuned.service
          └─292251 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P

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[root@google ~]# tuned-adm active
Current active profile: virtual-guest

That's all. 

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Again, thanks a lot for the explanations ... really appreciate! If you need any other information, feel free to tell me.

Regards,